Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World

America’s Shrinking Middle Class: A Close Look at Changes Within Metropolitan Areas

Appendix A: References

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Cingano, Federico. 2014. “Trends in Income Inequality and its Impact on Economic Growth.” Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, December. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/trends-in-income-inequality-and-its-impact-on-economic-growth_5jxrjncwxv6j-en

Dabla-Norris, Era, Kalpana Kochhar, Nujin Suphaphiphat, Frantisek Ricka and Evridiki Tsounta. 2015. “Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective.” Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, June. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2015/sdn1513.pdf

Debels, Annelies and Leen Vandecasteele. 2008. “The Time Lag in Annual Household-Based Income Measures: Assessing and Correcting the Bias.” Review of Income and Wealth, Vol. 54, No. 1.

Garner, Thesia I., Javier Ruiz-Castillo and Mercedes Sastre. 2003. “ The Influence of Demographics and Household-Specific Price Indices on Consumption-Based Inequality and Welfare: A Comparison of Spain and the United States.” Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 70, No. 1.

Hout, Michael. 2007. “How Class Works in Popular Conception: Most Americans Identify With the Class Their Income, Occupation, and Education Implies for Them.” Berkeley, CA: Survey Research Center, February. http://ucdata.berkeley.edu/publication_record.php?recid=96

Johnson, David S., Timothy M. Smeeding and Barbara Boyle Torrey. 2005. “Economic Inequality Through the Prisms of Income and Consumption.” Monthly Labor Review, April. http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2005/04/art2full.pdf

Krueger, Alan B. 2012. “The Rise and Consequences of Inequality in the United States.” Council of Economic Advisers. Speech given to Center for American Progress, Washington, D.C., January 12. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/krueger_cap_speech_final_remarks.pdf

Ostry, Jonathan D., Andrew Berg and Charalambos G. Tsangarides. 2014. “Redistribution, Inequality, and Growth.” Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, February. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/sdn/2014/sdn1402.pdf

Pew Research Center. 2008. “Inside the Middle Class: Bad Times Hit the Good Life.” Washington, D.C.: April. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2008/04/09/inside-the-middle-class-bad-times-hit-the-good-life/

Pew Research Center. 2012. “The Lost Decade of the Middle Class.” Washington, D.C.: August. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2012/08/22/the-lost-decade-of-the-middle-class/

Pew Research Center. 2015. “The American Middle Class Is Losing Ground: No longer the majority and falling behind financially.” Washington, D.C.: December. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/12/09/the-american-middle-class-is-losing-ground

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Savage, Mike, Fiona Devine, Niall Cunningham, Mark Taylor, Yaojun Li, Johs. Hjellbrekke, Brigitte Le Roux, Sam Friedman and Andrew Miles. 2013. “A New Model of Social Class: Findings From the BBC’s Great British Class Survey Experiment.” Sociology, April. http://soc.sagepub.com/content/early/2013/03/12/0038038513481128

Short, Kathleen, Thesia Garner, David Johnson and Patricia Doyle. 1999. “Experimental Poverty Measures, 1990 to 1997.” Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau, June. https://www.census.gov/prod/99pubs/p60-205.pdf

Summers, Lawrence H. and Ed Balls. 2015. “Report of the Commission on Inclusive Prosperity.” Washington, D.C.: Center for American Progress, January. https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2015/01/15/104266/report-of-the-commission-on-inclusive-prosperity

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